![]() ![]() Necklace of Swords or Amulet of Axes (33% Reflect Damage).Ring of the Iron Fist (33% Reflect Damage).Here's a list of items which are most useful in reaching 100% reflect damage: Reflect Damage prevents armor skill gains for melee attacks you will only get skill gains with ranged weapon attacks.Ranged weapons, weapon enchantments, traps and falling damage will still affect you as usual.Armor rating will be ignored when hit by normal melee weapons.Armor (if any is worn) will never be damaged from normal melee attacks.Opponents take 100% of their own damage in melee combat, provided they are unarmed or have non-enchanted weapons.Immunity to normal melee attacks, be they from non-enchanted weapons, bare fists or creature attacks.with 300% Reflect Damage, 3 times the amount of damage that would have been dealt by the attacker is dealt to the attacker.Īlthough many alchemy ingredients and ready-made loot items are found with this effect, Reflect Damage is not available as an effect to enchant items with, and only obtainable for spellcrafting by creating a character born with the Tower birthsign or during a quest from the Shivering Isles expansion. Reflect Damage works for percentages over 100, e.g. When Reflect Damage is active, you will notice that the health of your opponents slightly goes down as they hit you (particularly evident when they attack you first: their health indicator immediately appears). Reflect Damage also absorbs M% of melee physical damage which means that 100% of Reflect Damage (see below) bestows immunity to physical melee attacks. This includes both damage due to normal weapons and damage from creature attacks. You worry less about the ‘what ifs’ and focus more on the things you can do to best align your actions with those guiding principles we spoke of above.Īnd you worry less about what other people might think about you and your choices because you know that you are doing what’s right for you.Reflect M% of melee physical damage back at the attacker during the next D seconds. With greater certainty comes less stress and anxiety. You find more certainty in this uncertain world because you are grounded in your sense of self. One of the key outcomes of self-reflection and knowing yourself more intimately is that you become more confident in yourself and your actions. “Why Don’t People Like Me?” – 9 Reasons People Don’t Want To Be Your Friend.What Is The Purpose And Point Of Life? (It’s Not What You Think).What Is Self-Concept And How Does It Influence Your Life?.The Ultimate List Of 30 Questions To Ask Yourself About Life.Who Am I? The Profound Buddhist Answer To This Most Personal Of Questions.How To Get To Know Yourself Better In 7 Questions.You may also like (article continues below): Don’t get stuck on a thought for too long. Think about your day, but then turn the page and allow your mind to start afresh the next day. The only caveat to this is that you have to avoid allowing reflection to turn into rumination. It may even change how you feel about your commute or how you choose to spend that time. If you dislike the long commute in your current position, you might not be able to see the benefits it brings during the commute itself.īut by stepping back and thinking about it on a day off, you might realize that despite not being all that enjoyable, the pros of a job you are passionate about or the wages you receive from it make the commute worthwhile on balance. Perhaps, for example, that thing is a choice such as the job you take. You can see it with more clarity and think about it from a rounded perspective with pros, cons, and other important details that help you make a reasoned conclusion about how you wish to change with regards to it (or if you actually don’t want to change at all). Instead of your mind being clouded by the emotions you experience when interacting with the thing in question, you can view it in a more rational sense. Introspection provides an opportunity to think about something in isolation from the thing itself. ![]()
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![]() You can also mention that it’s important to recognize the hard work of employees so they feel appreciated.Įxample: “I believe that the most effective strategies for motivating a team are those that focus on providing clear goals, recognition and support.įirstly, I ensure that everyone in my team is aware of the objectives we are trying to achieve. When you answer, try to think of specific strategies you use to help your team feel motivated. Employers ask this question to make sure you know how to motivate your team members and get them excited about their work. Motivation is an important skill for a marketing supervisor to have. What are some of the most effective strategies you use to motivate your team? In addition, I am well-versed in analytics tools and data analysis, which allows me to measure the effectiveness of each campaign and make necessary adjustments.” 2. I have a proven track record of increasing customer engagement and driving conversions. My background includes creating and executing comprehensive campaigns across multiple channels, including email, search engine marketing, display advertising, and social media. With my experience in developing successful digital marketing strategies, I believe I am the right person for the job. I also understand that you are looking for someone who can help increase brand awareness and drive sales through effective campaigns. From what I understand, you provide a wide range of marketing services such as website design, SEO optimization, content creation, and social media management. During my research prior to this interview, I took the time to learn more about your company and what you have to offer. When answering this question, make sure to mention at least one product or service that you’re familiar with.Įxample: “Yes, I am familiar with the products and services you offer. Before your interview, research the company’s website and social media pages to familiarize yourself with what they offer. Are you familiar with the products or services we offer?Įmployers ask this question to see if you have experience with their company and its products or services. What methods do you use to track customer feedback?Įxpand + 1.How do you monitor competitor activities and adjust your strategies accordingly?.Describe a time when you had to work on multiple projects at once.If we were to hire you, how would you contribute to our company?.Are you familiar with market research techniques?.Do you have any experience in creating and implementing marketing plans?.How do you measure the success of a campaign?.What strategies do you use to ensure your campaigns are successful?.There is a conflict between two members of your team.How often do you recommend changes to marketing campaigns?.What do you think is the most important aspect of being a successful marketing supervisor?.Which industries do you have the most experience in?.What makes you stand out from other candidates for this position?.Describe your experience with using marketing software.What social media platforms do you use and how do you utilize them? We want to improve our social media presence.When was the last time you updated your skills or learned new techniques?. ![]() ![]() Do you have any experience training new employees?. ![]()
![]() ![]() The interface of WindowBlinds has been updated recently to allow for more efficient usage, making customization easier and faster and allowing the usage of new features such as skin randomizers, which change your aesthetics and skin choices at random or preset intervals. Some of the more detailed possible changes include changing font styles, editing the transparency of skins to make them blend in or stand out more against your backgrounds, changing colors at an instant's notice, and the ability to texturize windows borders and explorer menu backgrounds. ![]() The unique combinations across the 4 main areas of customization can even be saved as presets for easier application at a later time should your preferences or mood change. Certain visual styles have alternative skins available, which function as sub-styles that allow you to have more input on the look that matches your personal tastes. ![]() There are even multiple levels and subclasses built into some of the more complex skins available. Users are free to use what is known as the SkinStudio to generate and build their own skins from the ground up, or users are also free to experiment with pre-built skins and other custom-built skins made by users which are available for download at the community website. By using what the program calls skins, users can personalize the colors, fonts, and other graphical features of these customization areas. There are 4 main areas where enhanced customization is possible: the start menu, the taskbar, control buttons, and window frames. WindowBlinds is a program that gives the user greater control over the graphical properties of their desktop and overall windows experience than would normally be possible. ![]() ![]() ![]() In his moment of death, he strikes a deal with a demon: his soul, in exchange for revenge. Funimation lost the rights to the first two seasons, and they were later acquired by Aniplex of America.īy July 2023, the Black Butler manga had over 34 million copies in circulation, making it one of the best-selling manga series.In Victorian era Europe, a young boy loses everything he once held near and dear to a vicious plot. The anime series was licensed by Funimation. It was published in Yen Plus from August 2009 to July 2010. In North America, the series has been licensed by Yen Press. A fourth anime season, produced by CloverWorks, will premiere in 2024. An animated film, titled Black Butler: Book of the Atlantic, premiered in Japan in January 2017. A live-action film adaptation was released in Japan in January 2014. A two-part theatrical original video animation (OVA), titled Black Butler: Book of Murder, screened in Japanese theaters in October and November 2014. Another series, titled Black Butler: Book of Circus, was broadcast between July and September 2014. A second 12-episode season aired from July to September 2010 this season features two new main characters and has an anime-original storyline which does not feature manga content. In exchange for his services, Sebastian will be allowed to consume Ciel's soul.Ī 24-episode anime television series adaptation, produced by A-1 Pictures, aired from October 2008 to March 2009. Ciel has formed a contract with demon Sebastian Michaelis, who disguises himself as his butler, to seek revenge on those who tortured him and murdered his parents. He is tasked with solving crimes in the underworld of Victorian-era London. The series follows Ciel Phantomhive, the 12-year-old Earl of Phantomhive serving as the Queen's Watchdog. It has been serialized in Square Enix's shōnen manga magazine Monthly GFantasy since September 2006. Black Butler (Japanese: 黒執事, Hepburn: Kuroshitsuji) is a Japanese manga series written and illustrated by Yana Toboso. ![]() ![]() ![]() The almost unbreakable carapace of your enemies makes an excellent shield. The faint glow seems to slice through the mist. Sharpened to jagged perfection, this spear is sure to be deadly.Īs deadly as it is shiny, and it's very shiny. This mighty sledge yearns to wreak havoc. Stab once for those who've betrayed you, and twice for those you hate. Using this bow is backbreaking work, but so worth it. Not even the giants of old could weather the poisonous bite of this weapon. ![]() It might not be a hammer, but Thor himself would still approve of this weapon This is where weaponry starts to get a lot more varied, introducing staffs and other unique named weapons. The Mistlands has some magical rewards for those able to explore it. The Plains is another step up in difficulty, and offers a lot of materials needed for gear like Black Metal and Flax to turn into Linen Thread.Ī deadly weapon, bristling with fiendish spikes.Ī thing of death and beauty, it catches the light with a greenish glow.Ī vicious hewing-axe of almost unbreakable black metal.įashioned from the strongest metal, able to turn even the deadlist blades. If claws work for wolves, why not for a viking? Purest of metals, nothing unclean can abide its touch.Įven in death, the wolf's tooth aches for flesh.ĭark wood strung with glistening sinew, a vicious thing. Once you've obtained the Wishbone, you can use it to find Silver in this snow-capped biome and craft even better weapons. The Mountains are a cold and unforgiving place in Valheim. ![]() Its lightness and curved center makes it excellent for deflectin attacks. The straight line between life and death runs along the edge of this blade.īlood-drinker, skull-cracker, death-bringer.ĭespite its gnarled look, this spear is strong and perfectly balanced.įinely worked and strung, a huntsman's joy.īanded with hoops of iron, a true warrior's companion. As such, you can expect to find materials here that will allow you to craft superior weaponry, primarily Iron.Ī fist-sized lump of iron on a wooden shaft. The Swamp marks a significant upgrade in difficulty from the Black Forest. The bones of dead warriors make for good protection.Ī weapon worthy of the gods! if you get hit with this, you'll know it. Once you defeat Eikthyr you will gain the ability to mine metals, namely Copper and Tin, and make Bronze weapons.Ī sturdy spear with a head of burnished bronze.Ī shield of burnished bronze, good to turn a blade or two. ![]() If your eye marks a thing for death, let your eye send the messenger.īlack Forest is the next biome you will visit. You can obtain them from basic materials found in the Meadows such as Wood and Flint. These weapons are the earliest weapons you can obtain in Valheim. Silver Sword, Silver Knife, Crystal Battleaxe, Flesh Rippers, Abyssal Harpoonįinewood Bow, Huntsman Bow, Iron Sword, Iron Mace, Iron Atgeir, Iron Sledge, Battleaxe, Fang Spear, Abyssal Razorīronze Spear, Bronze Mace, Bronze Sword, Bronze Atgeir, Copper Knife, Crude Bow Himmin Afl, Mistwalker, Staff of Embers, Staff of Frost, Arbalest, Kromįrostner, Jotun Bane, Skoll and Hati, Demolisher, Staff of Protection, Dead Raiser, Blackmetal Atgeir, Draugr Fang, Spine Snapīlackmetal Sword, Blackmetal Knife, Porcupine Bear in mind that most early-game weapons will be outclassed eventually, but that all weapons are viable at different points in the game. If you're curious which weapons you should be aiming to create, this list should give a general idea of how strong each weapon is. ![]() ![]() ![]() In short, the update broke the system (that's why usually don't do any update). This week, I have performed a dist-upgrade, and this package refuses to work. Mar 17 12:15:49 leon-host systemd: rvice: Failed with result 'exit-code'.ĭebiman: I have installed this machine 2 years ago it all went fine, and have been working very well, without doing anything manually. Mar 17 12:15:49 leon-host systemd: rvice: Unit entered failed state. Mar 17 12:15:49 leon-host systemd: Failed to start fan speed regulator. Mar 17 12:15:49 leon-host systemd: rvice: Control process exited, code=exited status=1 Mar 17 12:15:49 leon-host fancontrol: Some mandatory settings missing, please check your config file! Mar 17 12:15:49 leon-host fancontrol: Loading configuration from /etc/fancontrol. ![]() ![]() Mar 17 12:15:49 leon-host systemd: Starting fan speed regulator. Process: 27786 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/fancontrol -check (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE) Ĭode: Select all # systemctl restart rviceĪctive: failed (Result: exit-code) since Sat 12:15:49 CET 3s ago Should I report a bug ? The config file is freshly generated whole system is freshly updated and service complains. Mar 14 19:10:40 leon-host systemd: rvice: Failed with result 'exit-code'. Mar 14 19:10:40 leon-host systemd: rvice: Unit entered failed state. Mar 14 19:10:40 leon-host systemd: Failed to start fan speed regulator. Mar 14 19:10:40 leon-host systemd: rvice: Control process exited, code=exited status=1 Mar 14 19:10:40 leon-host fancontrol: Some mandatory settings missing, please check your config file! Mar 14 19:10:40 leon-host fancontrol: Loading configuration from /etc/fancontrol. Mar 14 19:10:40 leon-host systemd: Starting fan speed regulator. Process: 5350 ExecStartPre=/usr/sbin/fancontrol -check (code=exited, status=1/FAILURE) Loaded: loaded (/lib/systemd/system/rvice enabled vendor preset: enabled)Īctive: failed (Result: exit-code) since Wed 19:10:40 CET 4min 23s ago See "systemctl status rvice" and "journalctl -xe" for details. Job for rvice failed because the control process exited with error code. Select fan output to configure, or other action:ġ) hwmon2/pwm2 3) Change INTERVAL 5) Save and quitĢ) hwmon2/pwm1 4) Just quit 6) Show configuration Loading configuration from /etc/fancontrol. What should be the path to your fancontrol config file (/etc/fancontrol)? The fancontrol script can automatically respond to temperature changesĭo you want to set up its configuration file now (y)? Please verify that all fans have returned to their normal speed. Would you like to generate a detailed correlation (y)? If you do not want to do this hit control-C now!!! ![]() This may cause your processor temperature to rise!!! Warning!!! This program will stop your fans, one at a time, Hwmon2/fan2_input current speed: 1290 RPM Hwmon2/fan1_input current speed: 1235 RPM Giving the fans some time to reach full speed. Physically verify that the fans have been to full speed However, it is ** very important ** that you The program will attempt to restore each fan to full speedĪfter testing. We will attempt to briefly stop each fan using the pwm controls. Note that many motherboards do not have pwmĬircuitry installed, even if your sensor chip supports pwm. This program will search your sensors for pulse width modulation (pwm)Ĭontrols, and test each one to see if it controls a fan on ![]() ![]() ![]() They seemed happy throughout their eight-year relationship, but split in 2015 after Matt was allegedly seen cheating on her during a Halloween party in Austin, Texas. “I’m just going to slowly work my way through the cast of Friends, although I can’t get Jennifer Aniston to return my calls.” “Isn’t that neat?” she joked at the time. Ironically she went on to play Friends star Matthew Perry’s love interest on the short-lived TV series Mr. Matt later dated his Joey co-star Andrea Anders, who played his onscreen love interest in the spin-off show. In a recent interview with OK magazine, Matt’s dad, Paul LeBlanc. “She was telling me to caress her, and in my head I’m thinking, ‘What’s going on?’” Jennifer Aniston and Matt LeBlanc used to make out in the Friends dressing rooms, according to Matt’s dad. “She was in my face, pushing her breasts into me and grabbing my hands to go all over her body,” he said. Matt told the National Enquirer that a strip club was “not where a family man should be”, but went on to claim the dancer was partially to blame. Matt later admitted an encounter with Canadian lapdancer Stephanie Stephens in 2005 was partly what led to the end of his three-year marriage. Matt and Melissa McKnight share a daughter together. ![]() “She was absolutely blindsided by what transpired.” “It was very sudden,” a friend of Lou’s told People at the time. When they split it’s reported he abruptly moved out of the family home. Luckily, with treatment, she made a full recovery.īut the couple’s marriage didn’t fare as well, allegedly due to Matt’s womanising ways. ![]() The couple faced every parent’s worst nightmare when Marina was diagnosed with a rare brain disorder called cortical dysplasia at eight months old. They welcomed their daughter Marina, now 18, the following year. The two were introduced by Lou Diamond Phillips’ then-wife Kelly, and after just one year of dating he popped the question, and they wed in Hawaii in 2003. He told me about it – they would make out in the dressing room.“īut Jen’s publicist hit back: “Jennifer has never had a romantic or sexual relationship with Matt LeBlanc.”Īfter a string of short-lived relationships in the 90s, Matt seemed to have found “the one” with model Melissa McKnight. “He even had a relationship with one of the girls … Jen,” Paul told OK! USA. Matt and his dad Paul don’t appear to have a good relationship – with things going sour when Paul claimed his son had been secretly “making out” with his Friends co-star Jennifer Aniston.īoth vehemently denied claims of an on-set fling, but Paul insisted Matt had boasted about snogging Jen. Brandi Glanville said the act was “disgusting”, and refused to kiss Matt on the date. ![]() ![]() ![]() It belongs to the micro-genre that the writer Max Read memorably labeled “halogencore”: It and peers like Michael Clayton, The Assistant, Shattered Glass, and Moneyball are thrillers set in offices, where the drama is fueled by white-collar misconduct or incompetence, and where the characters grow by learning something new about the bureaucracy to which they’ve given a portion of their lives. And as I have learned the hard way, after forcing various friends and loved ones to watch it with me, Margin Call is not for everyone. ![]() This does not sound like the most riveting of material. The rest of the film chronicles their attempt to come to terms with it all. Portrayed with remarkable charisma and menace by Jeremy Irons, Tuld decides how to deal with the toxic assets, which he describes as “the biggest bag of odorous excrement ever assembled in the history of capitalism.” His decision is astonishing, and his colleagues immediately realize what it means. Sullivan freaks out and tells his boss, Will Emerson (a wonderfully sardonic Paul Bettany), who freaks out and tells his boss, Sam Rogers (Kevin Spacey), who grudgingly tells his much-younger boss Jared Cohen (Simon Baker), who finally calls in the firm’s CEO John Tuld for a 4 am meeting. His last words, as the elevator closes, are “be careful.” It doesn’t take long for Sullivan to dive into Dale’s spreadsheet and realize that if the firm’s mortgage-backed investments fall in value by even a modest amount, it could bankrupt the company. ![]() Before leaving the building, Dale tosses a flash drive to his protégé, the erstwhile rocket scientist Peter Sullivan (Zachary Quinto). Conditions are rough from the start the film begins with Eric Dale (Stanley Tucci), the head of risk management at the firm, getting booted in the latest round of layoffs. In case you aren’t already a diehard Marginalist: Margin Call chronicles a day in the life of an investment bank at the outset of the financial crisis of 2008. Some introductory Margin notes Peter Sullivan (Zachary Quinto), an associate in the Risk Assessment and Management Office, and junior analyst Seth Bregman (Penn Badgley), really didn’t know what they were getting into. It wasn’t brains that brought me here,” to be funny, or you don’t.īut to a large degree, my love for Margin Call boils down to it being the one film that, more than any other, seems to understand the modern workplace (or at least the office workplace), and the moral compromises involved in living and thriving in that world. At some level, either you find Jeremy Irons telling Quinto to “speak as you might to a young child. There are certainly aspects of my love for Margin Call that are similarly difficult to put into words. Around the moment that Quinto takes out his headphones and realizes the bank where he works is in desperate, desperate trouble, it clicked for me.ĭeadheads sometimes talk about the “X factor”: the indescribable aspect of a performance that elevates it to a higher level. This must be the Deadheads’ struggle: confusion and frustration that the whole world hasn’t fallen as rapturously in love with the art they love so much. Most people don’t get the obsessive, fanatical love I have for it. Everyone thinks this movie is a fairly routine, not particularly notable drama. I feel about Margin Call the way Deadheads feel about the Dead. But why did a band so average-seeming, so unexceptional to me, inspire such a dedicated fanbase? Why would people follow them around, spending thousands of dollars producing and trading bootlegs of their favorite live sets? Cherry Garcia is an okay ice cream flavor. I was of course familiar with the Dead I grew up across the river from Vermont. I think it was on my third or fourth viewing of Margin Call, the 2011 corporate thriller starring Zachary Quinto and Jeremy Irons, that I realized I finally understood Grateful Dead fans. ![]() ![]() Video can’t be loaded because JavaScript is disabled: VAN LIFE | FORD TRANSIT VAN TOUR WITH FULL WET BATH () Vanture Customs Ford Transit with Full Wet Bath Examples of Ford Transit Camper Vans with Bathrooms The addition of chemicals helps to prevent odors but makes disposal more challenging. They require regular disposal at designated sites. ![]() This is a simple chamber that stores all your waste. The alternative to a composting toilet is a cassette toilet. Dry material is added to the toilet to help the breakdown of solids and prevent unpleasant smells.Īlso read: Best Campervan Composting Toilet? (Van Conversion FAQs) Liquids have to be emptied every few days, but solids can be left for much longer, sometimes up to a month. A composting toilet separates the solids and the liquids. With the increasing popularity of composting toilets, you may not need to have a flushing toilet. If your van does not have proper ventilation you could start to see mold growth. Installing a roof vent with a fan over your shower area is a very wise idea, allowing the hot air to rise and escape. Hot water produces a lot of steam which will quickly make your van very damp and humid. You can have this mounted on the underside of your van to prevent it taking up space internally. A 25–30-gallon tank would give you enough to shower, drink and wash up cooking utensils. Showering will have a high water usage, so you need to ensure you have an appropriate size water tank. Go here to read more in depth about heating water in a camper van. A gas water heater requires a full propane system which would require professional installation. An electric system would require a significant battery bank and an inverter, or for your engines alternator to be running. The other main alternative is an electric or gas water heater. When your engine is running hot coolant is passed through the coil heating the water. One option is a calorifier, this is a water tank with an internal coil that is connected to your engines coolant system. ![]() ![]() This is the most complex challenge associated with a shower in a Ford Transit van. You need to have a suitable water heating system. Most bathrooms will be wet rooms, meaning your toilet sits in the shower pan to minimize the overall space you need for the bathroom. Only drain water directly out of your van in appropriate locations. You will need to have a drainage hose running to your wastewater tank or outside the van. You may want to make your shower cubicle slightly larger than this to allow your toilet to fit inside. ![]() The smallest shower pan you can buy is 24” x 32”. How To Add a Bathroom to a Ford Transit VanĪs I mentioned previously there are some important factors to consider if you are planning on adding a bathroom to your Ford Transit camper van.įirstly, you need to allocate an appropriate amount of space for the shower and toilet. There are some important considerations and design implications that you must address, but plenty of Transit owners have equipped their vans with showers and toilets. So, can you put a bathroom in a Ford Transit? Yes, you absolutely can put a bathroom in a Ford Transit. Being able to have a shower after a day of hiking, or any other activity, will keep you feeling fresh and clean, helping you enjoy your van life adventures. Having a toilet inside your Transit camper van can save you from stumbling around at night, looking for a suitable place to do your business.Īlternatively, you might be spending a night in an urban area, where it isn’t appropriate to do your ablutions outside. Finding toilets and showers to maintain hygiene while living the van life can be a challenge, particularly if you spend lots of time off grid camping. ![]() ![]() ![]() Q5 served a double purpose being simultaneously the audio power output stage and voltage regulator for the radio circuitry. The transistor would be mounted on a heat sink of some kind maybe the metal chassis of the radio. The output transformer would likely be a 5 k ohm to 4 ohm unit not unlike the ones used in tube radios. This circuit was made possible by the fact that high voltage power transistors had come down in price sufficiently to make the circuit practical. ![]() It came close to being the transistor equivalent of the all American five tube radio but never really caught on.įigure 7.2 Line Operated Transformer Coupled Amplifier. There was already so much distortion in these vintage circuits the designers probably felt that a little more wouldn't be noticed.Ī variation of the transformer coupled amplifier was seen in line operated table radios from the mid 1970s onward. This omission likely slightly reduces power output and increases distortion. In most vintage circuits the capacitor across this resistor has been omitted. In vintage equipment using germanium transistors there will be a thermistor in parallel with the resistor that is equivalent to the 270 ohm resistor. The upper base biasing resistor is effectively returned to the collector for DC but the effect of this will be small for a failure mode analysis. For the single ended amplifier of Q1 the 1.8 k ohm resistor will be the collector load for DC and the failure modes will be almost the same. That case will be identical to that for an open collector resistor. The main difference is that in the push-pull pair consisting of Q2 and Q3 the collector voltage will mostly be at Vcc for all failure modes except an open transformer winding. If you were to construct this circuit using 2N3904s or any other small silicon NPN transistor it has a high probability of working and delivering approximately 250 mW, a little more on 12 volts.Īlthough the transistors are transformer coupled the failure analysis given in section 6.1 for the common emitter configuration mostly applies here. The values given in the circuit are NOT from a vintage radio but have been designed to work with modern silicon transistors. Those transistors needed all the help they could get and the transformers provided it. Note that both transformers are impedance step-down which translates to current step-up. Transistors are current devices unlike tubes which are voltage devices. Transformer coupling was used because early transistors had low current gains. Figure 7.1 is an example.įigure 7.1 Transformer Coupled Audio Amplifier.Īlthough this circuit is very old dating back to the dawn of the transistor age it still exists in vintage radios and phonographs and is occasionally used in new equipment. The very first audio amplifiers employing transistors were designed as the audio section in transistor radios. There are thousands of variations on the basic audio amplifier so only a few representative samples can be given here. The term "audio amplifier" can cover a multitude of sins and in this section we shall cover the most important of them. Therefore this chapter is about consumer grade electronics rather than exotic devices that may be found in a scientific research laboratory. Transistorized Consumer Equipment.Īs you read in the foreword of this book it has been repurposed from a university textbook to a web publication whose target audience is more likely to be home experimenters and hobbyist. Transistorized Consumer Equipment.Ĭhapter 7 Transistorized Consumer Equipment. ![]() |
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